Helical compression spring for a vehicle suspension

ABSTRACT

The present invention is directed to a helical compression spring which is mounted on a vehicle body to be compressed between an upper seat and a lower seat. The spring is formed to provide an end coil center line connecting the centers of an upper end coil and a lower end coil to be offset to a coil axis of a body portion of the spring. A pitch of the lower end coil is set to tilt a lower end plane of the spring at a first angle to the lower seat in a direction for shortening the longitudinal length of one side of the spring closer to the end coil center line than the coil axis, in an unloaded state of the spring, and/or a pitch of the upper end coil is set to tilt an upper end plane of the spring at a second angle in a direction for shortening the longitudinal length of the other side of the spring closer to the coil axis than the end coil center line, in the unloaded state. And, the pitch of the lower end coil is set to tilt the lower end plane at a third angle to the lower seat on a plane including the end coil center line perpendicular to a plane including the end coil center line and the coil axis, in the unloaded state, and/or the pitch of the upper end coil is set to tilt the upper end plane at a fourth angle to the upper seat on that plane, in the unloaded state.

[0001] This application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. Sec.119 to a patent application No.2000-379738 filed in Japan on Dec. 14, 2000, the entire content of which is herein incorporated by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0002] 1. Field of the Invention

[0003] The present invention relates to a helical compression spring for use in a strut type vehicle suspension, and relates to a strut type vehicle suspension having a helical compression spring.

[0004] 2. Description of the Related Arts

[0005] In general, a vehicle suspension is provided with a helical compression spring, which is generally designed to provide a coil axis that coincides with a direction of reaction force of the spring. Various types of vehicle suspension system have been known heretofore. Among them, a strut type suspension with a shock absorber employed as a strut for positioning a wheel is popular. According to the strut type suspension, however, due to a displacement between its load input axis and strut axis, a bending moment is exerted on the strut, with side force acting on a guide and a piston of the strut. This side force prevents the piston from sliding smoothly in the guide to act as the shock absorber. In order to compensate the bending moment, it has been known to arrange a coil axis of a cylindrical helical compression spring to be offset to the strut axis.

[0006] Since the arrangement between the coil axis of the helical compression spring and the strut axis of the shock absorber is determined geometrically, it has been required that the helical compression spring should be designed to coincide its coil axis with the direction of reaction force of the spring. In order to meet such requirement, various studies have been made, including the article “Approaches to Minimizing Side Force of Helical Coil Springs in Suspension Design”, presented by engineers including the inventor of the present application, and received by Japan Society for Spring Research on Aug. 28, 1995, wherein it was proposed to minimize the side force of the helical compression spring.

[0007] In contrast, on pages 56 and 57 of “Automotive Engineering” issued on September 1997, there are disclosed two kinds of spring having a coil axis inclined to an axis of a shock absorber so as to minimize a friction of the shock absorber for a strut type suspension. One spring is so constituted that one end coil is formed into a pig tail coil, and an axis for connecting the center of the pig tail coil and the center of the other end coil is served as the axis of the shock absorber, and that the axis and a spring force direction (reaction force direction) are arranged to provide a certain angle so that they are intersected at the center of the other end coil. The other spring is so constituted that both end coils are formed into the pig tail coils, and an axis for connecting the centers of those end coils is served as the axis of the shock absorber, and that the axis and the spring force direction are arranged to provide a certain angle so that they are intersected at a longitudinal center of the spring.

[0008] With respect to the vehicle suspension, further reduction in size is required now. By means of mere improvement made to a supporting mechanism of the strut having a conventional cylindrical helical compression spring, therefore, it is difficult to compensate the bending moment exerted on the strut due to load from a road. Rather, it is necessary to positively increase a side force applied by the helical compression spring to the strut type suspension, especially widthwise of the vehicle. However, it is not easy to apply a desired side force to the suspension by the conventional helical compression spring. By means of the helical spring disclosed in the aforementioned publication of the Automotive Engineering, sufficient side force necessary for the strut type suspension can not be obtained. Namely, it is impossible to apply the side force to the guide portion and piston portion of the strut enough to compensate the side force exerted thereon.

[0009] Therefore, the applicant proposed a helical compression spring for a strut type suspension with a simple structure to apply a desired side force to the strut when mounted on the strut type suspension, in a Japanese patent application No.11-163652 filed on Jul. 10, 1999, which was published under Japanese Patent Publication No.2000-351311 on Dec. 19, 2000 in Japan. According to the helical compression spring as proposed above, by simply installing the helical compression spring as described hereinafter in the suspension without making a specific change to the prior suspension, the spring is properly mounted on the strut so that a reaction force axis of the spring lies approximately on the center of an upper seat, and that the desired side force is applied to the strut, whereby a smooth absorbing operation can be ensured. In the helical compression spring for the vehicle suspension to be compressed between an upper seat and a lower seat, the spring is formed to provide an end coil center line connecting the centers of an upper end coil and a lower end coil of the spring to be offset to a coil axis of a body portion of the spring, and a pitch of the lower end coil is set to tilt a lower end plane of the spring seated on the lower seat at a predetermined angle to the lower seat in the direction for shortening the longitudinal length of one side of the spring with the end coil center line thereof offset to the coil axis, in an unloaded state of the spring, and/or a pitch of the upper end coil is set to tilt an upper end plane of the spring seated on the upper seat, at a predetermined angle in the direction for shortening the longitudinal length of the other side of the spring opposite to the one side of the spring with the end coil center line thereof offset to the coil axis, in the unloaded state of the spring.

[0010] According to the helical compression spring as constituted above, if a position of coiling end of a lower end coil can not be changed, for example, it will be necessary to limit the total number of coils (turns) to 4.55 coils, for example, so as to direct the side force in a predetermined direction. This limitation of the number of coils requires a change of the total number of coils by a unit of one coil. As a result, change in diameter of a coil wire will be necessitated, so that it will be difficult to reduce a total weight of the spring, as explained with referenced to FIGS. 9, 10 and 11, hereinafter.

[0011]FIG. 9 shows a model helical compression spring 5 x having an end coil center line for connecting the centers of the lower end coil and upper end coil, which coincides with a coil axis of a body portion of the spring, on the z-axis as shown in FIG. 9. In general, the reaction force, which is caused when the helical compression spring is compressed, does not coincide with the coil axis. As shown in FIG. 9, its component projected on the x-y plane is called as a side force (SF), and an angle (θ) rotated clockwise from the y-axis indicative of its direction is called as a side force direction. The value and direction of the side force are varied periodically in response to the total number of coils of the helical compression spring, as shown in FIG. 10 and FIG. 11, respectively.

[0012] Accordingly, when the helical compression spring as proposed in the above-described Japanese patent application No.11-163652 is installed in the vehicle, it is desirable to adjust the side force not only widthwise of the vehicle, but also lengthwise of the vehicle. In this case, however, different countermeasures will have to be made, in the case where it is possible to change a position of a coiling end of a lower end coil (or upper end coil), or it is possible to change a design of the lower end coil (or upper end coil), and the case where it is impossible to change the position of the coiling end of the lower end coil (or upper end coil), or it is impossible to change the design of the lower end coil (or upper end coil), as explained hereinafter.

[0013] In the case where it is possible to change the position of the coiling end of the lower end coil (or upper end coil), the position of the coiling end may be changed to direct the side force in the desired direction. On the contrary, in the case where it is impossible to change the position of the coiling end, the limitation of the number of coils may be made to direct the side force in the desired direction. For example, supposing that the positive direction on the y-axis corresponds to the outside of the vehicle, in order to direct the side force to the outside of the vehicle, the total number of coils may be set to approximately 4.55 coils, whereby the angle θ is zero, as shown in FIG. 11. In the latter case, however, when the spring constant is to be changed, it is necessary to change the total number of coils and the diameter of coil wire by a unit of one coil. Therefore, it will be difficult to meet the requirement for reduction in size. Namely, because the direction of the side force is varied periodically by a unit of one coil, the total number of coils of 3.55 coils or 5.55 coils, for example, other than 4.55 coils, has to be selected.

[0014] According to a general procedure of designing a spring, after the diameter of the coil wire was determined so as to provide design stress of an allowable value, the number of coils is determined so as to provide the spring constant of a predetermined value. In this case, however, if the total number of coils is limited, the spring having the total number of coils more than the one designed according to the general procedure as described above will have to be selected. This is because, in the case where the total number of coils designed according to the general procedure was 4.7 coils, for example, if the total number of coils less than 3.55 coils is selected, the diameter of coil wire has to be made small enough to keep the spring constant, whereby the design stress will exceed the allowable value. In this case, therefore, 5.55 coils has to be selected for the number of coils, and the diameter of coil wire has to be made large enough to keep the spring constant. As a result, the weight will be increased, and the requirement for reduction in weight can not be fulfilled.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0015] Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a helical compression spring with a side force adjusted easily and appropriately, not only widthwise of a vehicle but also lengthwise of the vehicle, when the spring is mounted on a strut type suspension for the vehicle.

[0016] Another object of the present invention is to provide a strut type vehicle suspension for adjusting easily and appropriately a side force applied by a helical compression spring to a strut, not only widthwise of a vehicle but also lengthwise of the vehicle.

[0017] In accomplishing the above and other objects of the present application, a helical compression spring for a vehicle suspension according to the present invention is compressed between an upper seat and a lower seat. The spring is formed to provide an end coil center line connecting the centers of an upper end coil and a lower end coil of the spring to be offset to a coil axis of a body portion of the spring. A pitch of the lower end coil is set to tilt a lower end plane of the spring seated on the lower seat at a first predetermined angle to the lower seat in a direction for shortening the longitudinal length of one side of the spring closer to the end coil center line than the coil axis, in an unloaded state of the spring, and/or a pitch of the upper end coil is set to tilt an upper end plane of the spring seated on the upper seat at a second predetermined angle in a direction for shortening the longitudinal length of the other side of the spring closer to the coil axis than the end coil center line, in the unloaded state of the spring. And, the pitch of the lower end coil is set to tilt the lower end plane of the spring at a third predetermined angle to the lower seat on a plane including the end coil center line perpendicular to a plane including the end coil center line and the coil axis, in the unloaded state of the spring, and/or the pitch of the upper end coil is set to tilt the upper end plane of the spring at a fourth predetermined angle to the upper seat on the plane including the end coil center line perpendicular to the plane including the end coil center line and the coil axis, in the unloaded state of the spring.

[0018] The spring may be formed to provide the end coil center line connecting the centers of the upper end coil and the lower end coil to be offset to the coil axis in a predetermined direction on the plane including the end coil center line perpendicular to the plane including the end coil center line and the coil axis.

[0019] A strut type vehicle suspension includes a strut mounted at the upper end thereof on a vehicle body for supporting a wheel, a lower seat fixed to the strut, an upper seat mounted on the vehicle body, and a helical compression spring mounted between the lower seat and the upper seat, with the strut enclosed in the spring. The helical spring is preferably formed to provide an end coil center line connecting the centers of an upper end coil and a lower end coil of the spring to be offset to a coil axis of a body portion of the spring. The lower seat is fixed to the strut to tilt the lower seat at a first predetermined angle in a direction for shortening the longitudinal length of one side of the spring closer to the coil axis than the end coil center line, and/or the upper seat is mounted on the vehicle body to tilt the upper seat at a second predetermined angle in a direction for shortening the longitudinal length of the other side of the spring closer to the end coil center line than the coil axis. The lower seat is fixed to the strut to tilt the lower seat at a third predetermined angle on a plane including the end coil center line perpendicular to a plane including the end coil center line and the coil axis, and/or the upper seat is mounted on the vehicle body to tilt the upper seat at a fourth predetermined angle on the plane including the end coil center line perpendicular to the plane including the end coil center line and the coil axis. And, the spring is held in such a state that the other side of the spring closer to the end coil center line than the coil axis is positioned at the inside of the vehicle body.

[0020] In the strut type vehicle suspension as described above, the helical spring may be formed to provide the end coil center line connecting the centers of the upper end coil and the lower end coil to be offset to the coil axis in a predetermined direction on the plane including the end coil center line perpendicular to the plane including the end coil center line and the coil axis.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0021] The above stated objects and following description will become readily apparent with reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein like reference numerals denote like elements, and in which:

[0022]FIG. 1 is a side view of a helical compression spring projected on the y-z plane, for use in a vehicle suspension according to an embodiment of the present invention;

[0023]FIG. 2 is a side view of a helical compression spring projected on the x-z plane, for use in a vehicle suspension according to an embodiment of the present invention;

[0024]FIG. 3 is a diagram showing a variation of a reaction force axis of a helical compression spring, in the case where an upper end plane and a lower end plane are rotated in the counterclockwise about the x-axis as viewed from the positive side of the x-axis toward the origin, when the spring offset on the y-z plane is compressed to a predetermined height;

[0025]FIG. 4 is a diagram showing a variation of a side force in response to a rotating angle, in the case where an upper end plane and a lower end plane are rotated in the counterclockwise about the x-axis as viewed from the positive side of the x-axis toward the origin, when the spring offset on the y-z plane is compressed to a predetermined height;

[0026]FIG. 5 is a side view of a helical compression spring offset on the y-z plane and projected on the x-z plane, showing a variation of a reaction force axis when predetermined angles β and γ are varied, in the case where a pitch of a lower end coil is set so that a lower end plane is tilted to a lower seat by the predetermined angle β, and a pitch of an upper end coil is set so that an upper end plane is tilted to an upper seat by the predetermined angle γ;

[0027]FIG. 6 is a side view showing a variation of a reaction force axis of a helical compression spring offset on the y-z plane, with an end coil center line offset to a coil axis of the spring on the x-z plane;

[0028]FIG. 7 is a side view showing a variation of a reaction force axis of a helical compression spring offset on the y-z plane, with a lower end plane and an upper end plane tilted to a lower seat and an upper seat on the x-z plane and an end coil center line offset to a coil axis of the spring on the x-z plane;

[0029]FIG. 8 is a side view of a vehicle suspension with a helical compression spring installed thereon according to an embodiment of the present invention;

[0030]FIG. 9 is a perspective view showing a helical compression spring for experimenting the spring to investigate influence on a spring reaction force by tilting a lower end plane and an upper end plane of the spring;

[0031]FIG. 10 is a diagram showing a relationship between a total number of coils and a side force when the helical compression spring as shown in FIG. 9 is compressed to a predetermined height; and

[0032]FIG. 11 is a diagram showing a relationship between a total number of coils and an angle of a side force direction, when the helical compression spring as shown in FIG. 9 is compressed to a predetermined height.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

[0033] Referring to FIGS. 1 and 2, there is schematically illustrated a helical compression spring 5 (hereinafter, simply referred to as a helical spring 5) for use in a vehicle suspension. The helical spring 5 is arranged in the same manner as a helical compression spring 5 x on three dimensional coordinates of x, y, z axes as shown in FIG. 9. FIG. 1 shows a side view of the helical spring 5 projected on the y-z plane, and FIG. 2 shows its side view projected on the x-z plane. The helical spring 5 is mounted on a strut type suspension (hereinafter, simply referred to as suspension), as shown in FIG. 8 which illustrates the suspension by two-dot chain lines except for a portion for supporting the upper end of the helical spring 5.

[0034] At the outset, the overall structure of the suspension will be explained with reference to FIG. 8. A strut 2 is elastically mounted at its upper end on a vehicle body 1, and an upper seat 3 is mounted on the vehicle body 1. A lower seat 4 is fixed to a middle portion of the strut 2. Between the upper seat 3 and the lower seat 4, the helical spring 5 is arranged to encircle therein the strut 2. The lower end of the strut 2 is fixed to a knuckle 6, which is pivotally mounted on the vehicle body 1 through a lower arm 7. Accordingly, a wheel 8 is mounted on the knuckle 6, which is connected to the vehicle body 1 through the strut 2 and the helical spring 5, and which is connected to the vehicle body 1 through the lower arm 7. The strut 2 is provided with a cylinder 2 a and a rod 2 b which is slidably mounted in the cylinder 2 a, to form a shock absorber. The rod 2 b is mounted at its upper end on the vehicle body 1 through the strut mount 10, and the cylinder 2 a is fixed at its lower end to the knuckle 6. The strut mount 10 includes a lower bracket 12 for mounting the upper seat 3 on the vehicle body 1 through a bearing 11, an upper bracket 13 connected by bolts (not shown) to the vehicle body 1 together with the lower bracket 12, and a damper rubber 14 disposed between them. A supporting bracket 15 is fixed to the tip end of the rod 2 b, and supported by the damper rubber 14 between the lower bracket 12 and the upper bracket 13. According to the present embodiment, therefore, the strut mount 10 is of a type with load transmitted separately, wherein the strut 2 is mounted on the vehicle body 1 through the damper rubber 14, whereas the helical spring 5 is mounted on the vehicle body 1 through the bearing 11. As a result, any stress which is caused when the helical spring 5 is compressed and expanded can be absorbed properly. The damper rubber 14 is arranged so that the reaction force axis of the helical spring 5 extends through approximately the center of the upper end plane US.

[0035] According to the suspension as shown in FIG. 8, the reaction force axis RA does not coincide with the load input axis AA. That is, the strut axis SA of the strut 2 and the load input axis AA form an angle θ1, whereas the strut axis SA and the reaction force axis RA form an angle θ2. In FIG. 8, “LA” designates the axis of the lower arm 7, “KA” designates the axis of a king pin (not shown). Due to the relationship between the reaction force axis RA and the strut axis SA which do not coincide with each other, sliding resistance may be caused between the cylinder 2 a and the rod 2 b of the strut 2. However, the sliding resistance will be compensated by the biasing force of the helical spring 5 to ensure a smooth sliding motion of the rod 2 b, as will be described later.

[0036] According to the present embodiment, the helical spring 5 is formed with a lower end coil 5 a and an upper end coil 5 b, both of which are formed to provide a pig tail, as shown in FIGS. 1 and 2. Referring to FIG. 1, the helical spring 5 is formed to provide an end coil center line OF for connecting the centers of the lower end coil 5 a and the upper end coil 5 b, i.e., the centers of the lower end plane LS and the upper end plane US to be offset to a coil axis CA of a body portion of the helical spring 5 by a distance “d” on the y-z plane. And, a pitch of the lower end coil 5 a is set to tilt the lower end plane LS of the helical spring 5 at a first predetermined angle a to the lower seat 4 in a direction (clockwise in FIG. 1) for shortening the longitudinal length of one side (left side in FIG. 1) of the helical spring 5 with the end coil center line OF offset to the coil axis CA, i.e., the longitudinal length of one side of the helical spring 5 closer to the end coil center line OF than the coil axis CA, in an unloaded state of the helical spring 5. Also, a pitch of the upper end coil 5 b is set to tilt the upper end plane US of the helical spring 5, at a second predetermined angle β to the upper seat 3 in the direction (clockwise in FIG. 1) for shortening the longitudinal length of the other side (right side in FIG. 1) of the spring opposite to the one side of the spring with the end coil center line OF offset to the coil axis CA, i.e., the longitudinal length of the other side of the helical spring 5 closer to the coil axis CA than the end coil center line OF, in the unloaded state of the helical spring 5.

[0037] In this case, the relationship between the lower end plane LS and the lower seat 4 is relative to each other. According to the embodiment as shown in FIG. 1, the lower end plane LS is placed on the horizontal plane, whereas the lower seat 4 is tilted by the predetermined angle α. On the contrary, the lower seat 4 may be placed on the horizontal plane, whereas the lower end plane LS may be tilted by the predetermined angle α. Likewise, the relationship between the upper end plane US and the upper seat 3 is relative to each other. According to the embodiment as shown in FIG. 1, the upper seat 3 may be tilted, and the upper plane US may be tilted by the predetermined angle β to the tilted upper seat. Alternately, the upper plane US may be tilted, and the upper seat 3 may be tilted by the predetermined angle β to the tilted upper plane US. According to the present embodiment, it is so arranged that no adjustment is required with respect to the suspension. Therefore, the upper seat 3 and lower seat 4 are arranged to hold their supporting planes in parallel with each other.

[0038] According to the present embodiment as described above, in the unloaded state of the helical spring 5, the pitch of the lower end coil 5 a is set to tilt the lower end plane LS at the first predetermined angle α to the lower seat 4, clockwise in FIG. 1, and the pitch of the upper end coil 5 b is set to tilt the upper end plane US at the second predetermined angle β clockwise in FIG. 1. However, only either one of the pitch of the lower end coil 5 a and that of the upper end coil 5 b may be set. That is, in addition to the above-described embodiment, a second embodiment (not shown) may be formed, such that the helical spring 5 is formed to provide the end coil center line OF of the helical spring 5 to be offset to the coil axis CA, and only the pitch of the lower end coil 5 a is set to tilt the lower end plane LS at a predetermined angle to the lower seat 4 in the unloaded state of the helical spring 5. And, a third embodiment (not shown) may be formed, such that the helical spring 5 is formed to provide the end coil center line OF of the helical spring 5 to be offset to the coil axis CA, and only the pitch of the upper end coil 5 b is set to tilt the upper end plane US at a predetermined angle to the upper seat 3, in the unloaded state of the helical spring 5.

[0039] Next will be explained results of the experiments in the case where the helical spring with the end coil center line thereof offset to the coil axis in the direction along the y-axis is compressed to shorten the longitudinal length of either one side of the helical spring, i.e., the helical spring offset on the y-z plane is placed on the same position as the helical spring 5 x as shown in FIG. 9, and the upper end plane and lower end plane are rotated counterclockwise about the x-axis as viewed from the positive side of the x-axis toward the origin, by a degree and β degree, respectively.

[0040] In FIG. 3, solid lines indicate variation of the reaction force axis of the helical spring, in the case where the upper end plane and the lower end plane are rotated counterclockwise about the x-axis as viewed from the positive side of the x-axis toward the origin, by a degree and β degree, respectively, when the helical spring offset on the y-z plane is compressed to a predetermined height. Broken lines indicate variation of the reaction force axis of a conventional helical spring with its upper end coil and lower end coil formed to provide pig tails. When rotational angles which are rotated about the x-axis in FIG. 9, i.e., tilting angles α and β, are increased counterclockwise, the reaction force axis will move as indicated by the arrows, which indicate the directions of increasing angles α and β. The reaction force axis lies on the line for connecting the points of application of the reaction forces acting on the upper end plane and lower end plane.

[0041] As shown in FIG. 3, the following results are obtained from the experiment. Namely, (1) By forming the helical spring with the end coil center line offset to the coil axis by the distance “d”, the reaction force axis of the spring is displaced parallel in the y-direction, i.e., in the direction opposite to the direction of the end coil center line offset to the coil axis. (2) With an increase of the tilting angles α and β of the upper and lower end planes counterclockwise in FIG. 9, the inclination of the reaction force axis of the spring in the y-direction increases. In other words, the side force applied to the helical spring increases, with an increase of the tilting angles α and β. (3) With an increase of the tilting angles α and β of the upper and lower end planes, the point of application of the reaction force on the upper end plane gets close to the center of the upper end plane, i.e., z-axis in FIG. 3, as indicated by the solid lines, whereas the conventional helical spring gets away from the center of the upper end plane as indicated by the broken lines.

[0042] On the contrary, in the case where the upper end plane and the lower end plane are rotated clockwise about the x-axis as viewed from the positive side of the x-axis toward the origin, when the spring offset on the y-z plane is compressed to a predetermined height, the inclination of the reaction force axis in the y-direction will be reduced, i.e., the side force to the helical spring will be reduced, with the tilting angles α and β increased clockwise.

[0043]FIG. 4 indicates a variation of the side force, in the case where the upper end plane and the lower end plane are rotated counterclockwise about the x-axis in FIG. 9 as viewed from the positive side of the x-axis toward the origin, by α degree and β degree, when the spring offset on the y-z plane is compressed to a predetermined height, and in the case where the degree α or β is increased. In FIG. 4, a solid line indicates the variation of the offset helical spring, and a broken line indicates the variation of the conventional helical spring. As clearly shown in FIG. 4, the side force is increased with an increase of the tilting angle α or β, and no significant difference can be seen between the solid line and the broken line.

[0044] Therefore, the helical spring 5 according to the present embodiment, the offset amount “d” as shown in FIG. 1 and tilting angles α and β (clockwise rotational angles as shown in FIG. 1) are set, and the pitches of the upper end coil 5 b and the lower end coil 5 a are set, such that the helical spring 5 is disposed between the upper seat 3 and the lower seat 4 as shown in FIG. 8, in the same condition that the upper end coil and lower end coil of the helical spring 5 x as shown in FIG. 9 are rotated counterclockwise about the x-axis as viewed from the positive side of the x-axis toward the origin in FIG. 9, by α degree and β degree, respectively, when the helical spring 5 x is compressed to a predetermined height. Consequently, when the helical spring 5 as shown in FIG. 1 is disposed between the upper seat 3 and the lower seat 4 arranged substantially in parallel with each other, it is arranged in the state as shown in FIG. 8, and the same effect can be obtained as the one obtained when the upper end coil and the lower end coil of the helical spring 5 x as shown in FIG. 9 are tilted counterclockwise as viewed from the positive side of the x-axis toward the origin in FIG. 9.

[0045] The helical spring 5 as constituted above is disposed between the upper seat 3 and the lower seat 4, which are arranged substantially in parallel with each other as shown by the broken lines in FIG. 1. In this case, the helical spring 5 is held such that the one side of the helical spring 5 with the end coil center line OF offset to the coil axis CA, i.e., the one side closer to the coil end center line OF than the coil axis CA (left side in FIG. 1), is to be positioned at the inside of the vehicle. Consequently, the reaction force axis is shifted from the axis indicated by thick line arrows to the axis indicated by thin line arrows (rightward in FIG. 1).

[0046] As shown in FIG. 1 which illustrates the helical spring 5 as viewed from the front of the vehicle, the helical spring 5 is disposed with its end coil center line OF offset to the coil axis CA widthwise of the vehicle, i.e., in the width direction of the vehicle. In this case, the side force is exerted on the helical spring 5 lengthwise of the vehicle, i.e., in the direction as viewed from the right side or left side of the vehicle. In view of this fact, the present embodiment is constituted as shown in FIG. 2, and will be described later.

[0047] Referring to FIGS. 5-7, the relationship between the y-z plane in FIG. 1 (the plane including the end coil center line OF and the coil axis CA, and extending widthwise of the vehicle) and the x-z plane in FIG. 2 perpendicular to the y-z plane in FIG. 1 will be explained hereinafter.

[0048]FIG. 5 shows a variation of the reaction force axis when the predetermined angles δ and γ are varied, in the case where the helical spring 5 constituted as shown in FIG. 1 (projected on the y-z plane) is formed to provide a total number of coils of 4.8 coils (turns) for example, and projected on the x-z plane, and where the pitch of the lower end coil 5 a is set so that the lower end plane LS is tilted to the lower seat 4 by the predetermined angle γ, and the pitch of the upper end coil 5 b is set so that the upper end plane US is tilted to the upper seat 3 by the predetermined angle δ.

[0049] In other words, the helical spring 5 having 4.8 coils as shown in FIG. 5 is formed to provide the end coil center line OF offset to the coil axis CA by the distance “d” on the y-z plane as shown in FIG. 1. At the same time, as shown in FIG. 1, the pitch of the lower end coil 5 a is set to tilt the lower end plane LS at the first predetermined angle a to the lower seat 4 in the direction for shortening the longitudinal length of one side of the helical spring 5 with the end coil center line OF offset to the coil axis CA, i.e., the longitudinal length of one side of the helical spring 5 closer to the end coil center line OF than the coil axis CA, in the unloaded state of the helical spring 5. Also, as shown in FIG. 1, the pitch of the upper end coil 5 b is set to tilt the upper end plane US to the upper seat 3 at the second predetermined angle β in the direction for shortening the longitudinal length of the other side of the spring opposite to the one side of the spring with the end coil center line OF offset to the coil axis CA, i.e., the longitudinal length of the other side of the helical spring 5 closer to the coil axis CA than the end coil center line OF, in the unloaded state of the helical spring 5. As shown in FIG. 5, the helical spring 5 with 4.8 coils set as described above is projected on the x-z plane (extending lengthwise of the vehicle), which is perpendicular to the y-z plane (extending widthwise of the vehicle), and the pitch of the lower end coil 5 a is set so that the lower end plane LS is tilted to the lower seat 4 by the predetermined angle γ, and also the pitch of the upper end coil 5 b is set so that the upper end plane US is tilted to the upper seat 3 by the predetermined angle δ. The variation of the reaction force axis is indicated by solid line arrows, broken line arrows and one-dot chain line arrows as shown in FIG. 5.

[0050] With respect to the helical spring 5 having 4.8 coils as constituted in FIG. 1 (projected on the y-z plane), if the lower end plane LS is tilted to the lower seat 4 by the predetermined angle γ, and the upper end plane US is tilted to the upper seat 3 by the predetermined angle δ as shown in FIG. 5, the reaction force axis will be shifted according to the order of the one-dot chain line arrows, broken line arrows and solid line arrows, with the predetermined angles γ and δ increased, respectively, and the reaction force axis indicated by the solid line arrows will be almost zero.

[0051] In this case, however, the reaction force axis is slightly offset to the end coil center line (z-axis in FIG. 5). In order to have the reaction force axis with the slightly offset amount coincide with the end coil center line, the end coil center line may be made offset to the coil axis (z-axis in FIG. 6) of the body portion of the helical spring 5 by a predetermined distance “e” on the x-z plane as shown in FIG. 6. Therefore, if the lower end plane LS and upper end plane US are tilted to the lower seat 4 and upper seat 3, respectively, and the end coil center line is made offset to the coil axis, on the x-z plane as shown in FIGS. 5 and 6, the variation will be negligible, as is apparent from FIG. 7, which shows the variation of the reaction force axis on the y-z plane (extending widthwise of the vehicle) as shown in FIG. 1.

[0052] As described above, the structure projected on the x-z plane (extending lengthwise of the vehicle) is shown in FIG. 2. It is preferable that the side force is set to be zero on the x-z plane (extending lengthwise of the vehicle as shown in FIG. 2). In contrast, the predetermined side force is produced on the y-z plane (widthwise of the vehicle), and that the reaction force axis lies on the centers of the coil end planes, as shown in FIG. 1. On the x-z plane, therefore, the pitch of the lower end coil 5 a is set so that the lower end plane LS is tilted to the lower seat 4 by the predetermined angle γ, and the pitch of the upper end coil 5 b is set so that the upper end plane US is tilted to the upper seat 3 by the predetermined angle δ, in the direction for reducing the side force which may be caused either rightward or leftward of the vehicle in FIG. 2, depending upon the mounted state of the spring or the like. Furthermore, according to the present embodiment, in the unloaded state of the helical spring 5, the end coil center line, which coincides with the z-axis in FIG. 2, is offset to the coil axis CA by the predetermined distance “e” on the x-z plane.

[0053] As described above, according to the embodiment as shown in FIG. 2, the pitch of the lower end coil 5 a is set to tilt the lower end plane LS at the third predetermined angle γ to the lower seat 4, and the pith of the upper end coil 5 b is set to tilt the upper end plane US at the fourth predetermined angle δ to the upper seat 3. However, it may be so arranged that only either one of the pitch of the lower end coil 5 a and that of the upper end coil 5 b is adjusted. Furthermore, the end coil center line which coincides with the z-axis is offset to the coil axis CA by the predetermined distance “e”, according to the embodiment as shown in FIG. 2. However, this offset may be omitted.

[0054] It should be apparent to one skilled in the art that the above-described embodiment is merely illustrative of but one of the many possible specific embodiments of the present invention. Numerous and various other arrangements can be readily devised by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined in the following claims.

HELICAL COMPRESSION SPRING FOR A VEHICLE SUSPENSION

[0055] This application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. Sec.119 to a patent application No.2000-379738 filed in Japan on Dec. 14, 2000, the entire content of which is herein incorporated by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0056] 1. Field of the Invention

[0057] The present invention relates to a helical compression spring for use in a strut type vehicle suspension, and relates to a strut type vehicle suspension having a helical compression spring.

[0058] 2. Description of the Related Arts

[0059] In general, a vehicle suspension is provided with a helical compression spring, which is generally designed to provide a coil axis that coincides with a direction of reaction force of the spring. Various types of vehicle suspension system have been known heretofore. Among them, a strut type suspension with a shock absorber employed as a strut for positioning a wheel is popular. According to the strut type suspension, however, due to a displacement between its load input axis and strut axis, a bending moment is exerted on the strut, with side force acting on a guide and a piston of the strut. This side force prevents the piston from sliding smoothly in the guide to act as the shock absorber. In order to compensate the bending moment, it has been known to arrange a coil axis of a cylindrical helical compression spring to be offset to the strut axis.

[0060] Since the arrangement between the coil axis of the helical compression spring and the strut axis of the shock absorber is determined geometrically, it has been required that the helical compression spring should be designed to coincide its coil axis with the direction of reaction force of the spring. In order to meet such requirement, various studies have been made, including the article “Approaches to Minimizing Side Force of Helical Coil Springs in Suspension Design”, presented by engineers including the inventor of the present application, and received by Japan Society for Spring Research on Aug. 28, 1995, wherein it was proposed to minimize the side force of the helical compression spring.

[0061] In contrast, on pages 56 and 57 of “Automotive Engineering” issued on September 1997, there are disclosed two kinds of spring having a coil axis inclined to an axis of a shock absorber so as to minimize a friction of the shock absorber for a strut type suspension. One spring is so constituted that one end coil is formed into a pig tail coil, and an axis for connecting the center of the pig tail coil and the center of the other end coil is served as the axis of the shock absorber, and that the axis and a spring force direction (reaction force direction) are arranged to provide a certain angle so that they are intersected at the center of the other end coil. The other spring is so constituted that both end coils are formed into the pig tail coils, and an axis for connecting the centers of those end coils is served as the axis of the shock absorber, and that the axis and the spring force direction are arranged to provide a certain angle so that they are intersected at a longitudinal center of the spring.

[0062] With respect to the vehicle suspension, further reduction in size is required now. By means of mere improvement made to a supporting mechanism of the strut having a conventional cylindrical helical compression spring, therefore, it is difficult to compensate the bending moment exerted on the strut due to load from a road. Rather, it is necessary to positively increase a side force applied by the helical compression spring to the strut type suspension, especially widthwise of the vehicle. However, it is not easy to apply a desired side force to the suspension by the conventional helical compression spring. By means of the helical spring disclosed in the aforementioned publication of the Automotive Engineering, sufficient side force necessary for the strut type suspension can not be obtained. Namely, it is impossible to apply the side force to the guide portion and piston portion of the strut enough to compensate the side force exerted thereon.

[0063] Therefore, the applicant proposed a helical compression spring for a strut type suspension with a simple structure to apply a desired side force to the strut when mounted on the strut type suspension, in a Japanese patent application No.11-163652 filed on Jul. 10, 1999, which was published under Japanese Patent Publication No.2000-351311 on Dec. 19, 2000 in Japan. According to the helical compression spring as proposed above, by simply installing the helical compression spring as described hereinafter in the suspension without making a specific change to the prior suspension, the spring is properly mounted on the strut so that a reaction force axis of the spring lies approximately on the center of an upper seat, and that the desired side force is applied to the strut, whereby a smooth absorbing operation can be ensured. In the helical compression spring for the vehicle suspension to be compressed between an upper seat and a lower seat, the spring is formed to provide an end coil center line connecting the centers of an upper end coil and a lower end coil of the spring to be offset to a coil axis of a body portion of the spring, and a pitch of the lower end coil is set to tilt a lower end plane of the spring seated on the lower seat at a predetermined angle to the lower seat in the direction for shortening the longitudinal length of one side of the spring with the end coil center line thereof offset to the coil axis, in an unloaded state of the spring, and/or a pitch of the upper end coil is set to tilt an upper end plane of the spring seated on the upper seat, at a predetermined angle in the direction for shortening the longitudinal length of the other side of the spring opposite to the one side of the spring with the end coil center line thereof offset to the coil axis, in the unloaded state of the spring.

[0064] According to the helical compression spring as constituted above, if a position of coiling end of a lower end coil can not be changed, for example, it will be necessary to limit the total number of coils (turns) to 4.55 coils, for example, so as to direct the side force in a predetermined direction. This limitation of the number of coils requires a change of the total number of coils by a unit of one coil. As a result, change in diameter of a coil wire will be necessitated, so that it will be difficult to reduce a total weight of the spring, as explained with referenced to FIGS. 9, 10 and 11, hereinafter.

[0065]FIG. 9 shows a model helical compression spring 5 x having an end coil center line for connecting the centers of the lower end coil and upper end coil, which coincides with a coil axis of a body portion of the spring, on the z-axis as shown in FIG. 9. In general, the reaction force, which is caused when the helical compression spring is compressed, does not coincide with the coil axis. As shown in FIG. 9, its component projected on the x-y plane is called as a side force (SF), and an angle (θ) rotated clockwise from the y-axis indicative of its direction is called as a side force direction. The value and direction of the side force are varied periodically in response to the total number of coils of the helical compression spring, as shown in FIG. 10 and FIG. 11, respectively.

[0066] Accordingly, when the helical compression spring as proposed in the above-described Japanese patent application No.11-163652 is installed in the vehicle, it is desirable to adjust the side force not only widthwise of the vehicle, but also lengthwise of the vehicle. In this case, however, different countermeasures will have to be made, in the case where it is possible to change a position of a coiling end of a lower end coil (or upper end coil), or it is possible to change a design of the lower end coil (or upper end coil), and the case where it is impossible to change the position of the coiling end of the lower end coil (or upper end coil), or it is impossible to change the design of the lower end coil (or upper end coil), as explained hereinafter.

[0067] In the case where it is possible to change the position of the coiling end of the lower end coil (or upper end coil), the position of the coiling end may be changed to direct the side force in the desired direction. On the contrary, in the case where it is impossible to change the position of the coiling end, the limitation of the number of coils may be made to direct the side force in the desired direction. For example, supposing that the positive direction on the y-axis corresponds to the outside of the vehicle, in order to direct the side force to the outside of the vehicle, the total number of coils may be set to approximately 4.55 coils, whereby the angle e is zero, as shown in FIG. 11. In the latter case, however, when the spring constant is to be changed, it is necessary to change the total number of coils and the diameter of coil wire by a unit of one coil. Therefore, it will be difficult to meet the requirement for reduction in size. Namely, because the direction of the side force is varied periodically by a unit of one coil, the total number of coils of 3.55 coils or 5.55 coils, for example, other than 4.55 coils, has to be selected.

[0068] According to a general procedure of designing a spring, after the diameter of the coil wire was determined so as to provide design stress of an allowable value, the number of coils is determined so as to provide the spring constant of a predetermined value. In this case, however, if the total number of coils is limited, the spring having the total number of coils more than the one designed according to the general procedure as described above will have to be selected. This is because, in the case where the total number of coils designed according to the general procedure was 4.7 coils, for example, if the total number of coils less than 3.55 coils is selected, the diameter of coil wire has to be made small enough to keep the spring constant, whereby the design stress will exceed the allowable value. In this case, therefore, 5.55 coils has to be selected for the number of coils, and the diameter of coil wire has to be made large enough to keep the spring constant. As a result, the weight will be increased, and the requirement for reduction in weight can not be fulfilled.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0069] Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a helical compression spring with a side force adjusted easily and appropriately, not only widthwise of a vehicle but also lengthwise of the vehicle, when the spring is mounted on a strut type suspension for the vehicle.

[0070] Another object of the present invention is to provide a strut type vehicle suspension for adjusting easily and appropriately a side force applied by a helical compression spring to a strut, not only widthwise of a vehicle but also lengthwise of the vehicle.

[0071] In accomplishing the above and other objects of the present application, a helical compression spring for a vehicle suspension according to the present invention is compressed between an upper seat and a lower seat. The spring is formed to provide an end coil center line connecting the centers of an upper end coil and a lower end coil of the spring to be offset to a coil axis of a body portion of the spring. A pitch of the lower end coil is set to tilt a lower end plane of the spring seated on the lower seat at a first predetermined angle to the lower seat in a direction for shortening the longitudinal length of one side of the spring closer to the end coil center line than the coil axis, in an unloaded state of the spring, and/or a pitch of the upper end coil is set to tilt an upper end plane of the spring seated on the upper seat at a second predetermined angle in a direction for shortening the longitudinal length of the other side of the spring closer to the coil axis than the end coil center line, in the unloaded state of the spring. And, the pitch of the lower end coil is set to tilt the lower end plane of the spring at a third predetermined angle to the lower seat on a plane including the end coil center line perpendicular to a plane including the end coil center line and the coil axis, in the unloaded state of the spring, and/or the pitch of the upper end coil is set to tilt the upper end plane of the spring at a fourth predetermined angle to the upper seat on the plane including the end coil center line perpendicular to the plane including the end coil center line and the coil axis, in the unloaded state of the spring.

[0072] The spring may be formed to provide the end coil center line connecting the centers of the upper end coil and the lower end coil to be offset to the coil axis in a predetermined direction on the plane including the end coil center line perpendicular to the plane including the end coil center line and the coil axis.

[0073] A strut type vehicle suspension includes a strut mounted at the upper end thereof on a vehicle body for supporting a wheel, a lower seat fixed to the strut, an upper seat mounted on the vehicle body, and a helical compression spring mounted between the lower seat and the upper seat, with the strut enclosed in the spring. The helical spring is preferably formed to provide an end coil center line connecting the centers of an upper end coil and a lower end coil of the spring to be offset to a coil axis of a body portion of the spring. The lower seat is fixed to the strut to tilt the lower seat at a first predetermined angle in a direction for shortening the longitudinal length of one side of the spring closer to the coil axis than the end coil center line, and/or the upper seat is mounted on the vehicle body to tilt the upper seat at a second predetermined angle in a direction for shortening the longitudinal length of the other side of the spring closer to the end coil center line than the coil axis. The lower seat is fixed to the strut to tilt the lower seat at a third predetermined angle on a plane including the end coil center line perpendicular to a plane including the end coil center line and the coil axis, and/or the upper seat is mounted on the vehicle body to tilt the upper seat at a fourth predetermined angle on the plane including the end coil center line perpendicular to the plane including the end coil center line and the coil axis. And, the spring is held in such a state that the other side of the spring closer to the end coil center line than the coil axis is positioned at the inside of the vehicle body.

[0074] In the strut type vehicle suspension as described above, the helical spring may be formed to provide the end coil center line connecting the centers of the upper end coil and the lower end coil to be offset to the coil axis in a predetermined direction on the plane including the end coil center line perpendicular to the plane including the end coil center line and the coil axis.

[0075] BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0076] The above stated objects and following description will become readily apparent with reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein like reference numerals denote like elements, and in which:

[0077]FIG. 1 is a side view of a helical compression spring projected on the y-z plane, for use in a vehicle suspension according to an embodiment of the present invention;

[0078]FIG. 2 is a side view of a helical compression spring projected on the x-z plane, for use in a vehicle suspension according to an embodiment of the present invention;

[0079]FIG. 3 is a diagram showing a variation of a reaction force axis of a helical compression spring, in the case where an upper end plane and a lower end plane are rotated in the counterclockwise about the x-axis as viewed from the positive side of the x-axis toward the origin, when the spring offset on the y-z plane is compressed to a predetermined height;

[0080]FIG. 4 is a diagram showing a variation of a side force in response to a rotating angle, in the case where an upper end plane and a lower end plane are rotated in the counterclockwise about the x-axis as viewed from the positive side of the x-axis toward the origin, when the spring offset on the y-z plane is compressed to a predetermined height;

[0081]FIG. 5 is a side view of a helical compression spring offset on the y-z plane and projected on the x-z plane, showing a variation of a reaction force axis when predetermined angles β and γ are varied, in the case where a pitch of a lower end coil is set so that a lower end plane is tilted to a lower seat by the predetermined angle β, and a pitch of an upper end coil is set so that an upper end plane is tilted to an upper seat by the predetermined angle γ;

[0082]FIG. 6 is a side view showing a variation of a reaction force axis of a helical compression spring offset on the y-z plane, with an end coil center line offset to a coil axis of the spring on the x-z plane;

[0083]FIG. 7 is a side view showing a variation of a reaction force axis of a helical compression spring offset on the y-z plane, with a lower end plane and an upper end plane tilted to a lower seat and an upper seat on the x-z plane and an end coil center line offset to a coil axis of the spring on the x-z plane;

[0084]FIG. 8 is a side view of a vehicle suspension with a helical compression spring installed thereon according to an embodiment of the present invention;

[0085]FIG. 9 is a perspective view showing a helical compression spring for experimenting the spring to investigate influence on a spring reaction force by tilting a lower end plane and an upper end plane of the spring;

[0086]FIG. 10 is a diagram showing a relationship between a total number of coils and a side force when the helical compression spring as shown in FIG. 9 is compressed to a predetermined height; and

[0087]FIG. 11 is a diagram showing a relationship between a total number of coils and an angle of a side force direction, when the helical compression spring as shown in FIG. 9 is compressed to a predetermined height.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

[0088] Referring to FIGS. 1 and 2, there is schematically illustrated a helical compression spring 5 (hereinafter, simply referred to as a helical spring 5) for use in a vehicle suspension. The helical spring 5 is arranged in the same manner as a helical compression spring 5 x on three dimensional coordinates of x, y, z axes as shown in FIG. 9. FIG. 1 shows a side view of the helical spring 5 projected on the y-z plane, and FIG. 2 shows its side view projected on the x-z plane. The helical spring 5 is mounted on a strut type suspension (hereinafter, simply referred to as suspension), as shown in FIG. 8 which illustrates the suspension by two-dot chain lines except for a portion for supporting the upper end of the helical spring 5.

[0089] At the outset, the overall structure of the suspension will be explained with reference to FIG. 8. A strut 2 is elastically mounted at its upper end on a vehicle body 1, and an upper seat 3 is mounted on the vehicle body 1. A lower seat 4 is fixed to a middle portion of the strut 2. Between the upper seat 3 and the lower seat 4, the helical spring 5 is arranged to encircle therein the strut 2. The lower end of the strut 2 is fixed to a knuckle 6, which is pivotally mounted on the vehicle body 1 through a lower arm 7. Accordingly, a wheel 8 is mounted on the knuckle 6, which is connected to the vehicle body 1 through the strut 2 and the helical spring 5, and which is connected to the vehicle body 1 through the lower arm 7. The strut 2 is provided with a cylinder 2 a and a rod 2 b which is slidably mounted in the cylinder 2 a, to form a shock absorber. The rod 2 b is mounted at its upper end on the vehicle body 1 through the strut mount 10, and the cylinder 2 a is fixed at its lower end to the knuckle 6. The strut mount 10 includes a lower bracket 12 for mounting the upper seat 3 on the vehicle body 1 through a bearing 11, an upper bracket 13 connected by bolts (not shown) to the vehicle body 1 together with the lower bracket 12, and a damper rubber 14 disposed between them. A supporting bracket 15 is fixed to the tip end of the rod 2 b, and supported by the damper rubber 14 between the lower bracket 12 and the upper bracket 13. According to the present embodiment, therefore, the strut mount 10 is of a type with load transmitted separately, wherein the strut 2 is mounted on the vehicle body 1 through the damper rubber 14, whereas the helical spring 5 is mounted on the vehicle body 1 through the bearing 11. As a result, any stress which is caused when the helical spring 5 is compressed and expanded can be absorbed properly. The damper rubber 14 is arranged so that the reaction force axis of the helical spring 5 extends through approximately the center of the upper end plane US.

[0090] According to the suspension as shown in FIG. 8, the reaction force axis RA does not coincide with the load input axis AA. That is, the strut axis SA of the strut 2 and the load input axis AA form an angle θ1, whereas the strut axis SA and the reaction force axis RA form an angle θ2. In FIG. 8, “LA” designates the axis of the lower arm 7, “KA” designates the axis of a king pin (not shown). Due to the relationship between the reaction force axis RA and the strut axis SA which do not coincide with each other, sliding resistance may be caused between the cylinder 2 a and the rod 2 b of the strut 2. However, the sliding resistance will be compensated by the biasing force of the helical spring 5 to ensure a smooth sliding motion of the rod 2 b, as will be described later.

[0091] According to the present embodiment, the helical spring 5 is formed with a lower end coil 5 a and an upper end coil 5 b, both of which are formed to provide a pig tail, as shown in FIGS. 1 and 2. Referring to FIG. 1, the helical spring 5 is formed to provide an end coil center line OF for connecting the centers of the lower end coil 5 a and the upper end coil 5 b, i.e., the centers of the lower end plane LS and the upper end plane US to be offset to a coil axis CA of a body portion of the helical spring 5 by a distance “d” on the y-z plane. And, a pitch of the lower end coil 5 a is set to tilt the lower end plane LS of the helical spring 5 at a first predetermined angle α to the lower seat 4 in a direction (clockwise in FIG. 1) for shortening the longitudinal length of one side (left side in FIG. 1) of the helical spring 5 with the end coil center line OF offset to the coil axis CA, i.e., the longitudinal length of one side of the helical spring 5 closer to the end coil center line OF than the coil axis CA, in an unloaded state of the helical spring 5. Also, a pitch of the upper end coil 5 b is set to tilt the upper end plane US of the helical spring 5, at a second predetermined angle β to the upper seat 3 in the direction (clockwise in FIG. 1) for shortening the longitudinal length of the other side (right side in FIG. 1) of the spring opposite to the one side of the spring with the end coil center line OF offset to the coil axis CA, i.e., the longitudinal length of the other side of the helical spring 5 closer to the coil axis CA than the end coil center line OF, in the unloaded state of the helical spring 5.

[0092] In this case, the relationship between the lower end plane LS and the lower seat 4 is relative to each other. According to the embodiment as shown in FIG. 1, the lower end plane LS is placed on the horizontal plane, whereas the lower seat 4 is tilted by the predetermined angle α. On the contrary, the lower seat 4 may be placed on the horizontal plane, whereas the lower end plane LS may be tilted by the predetermined angle α. Likewise, the relationship between the upper end plane US and the upper seat 3 is relative to each other. According to the embodiment as shown in FIG. 1, the upper seat 3 may be tilted, and the upper plane US may be tilted by the predetermined angle β to the tilted upper seat. Alternately, the upper plane US may be tilted, and the upper seat 3 may be tilted by the predetermined angle β to the tilted upper plane US. According to the present embodiment, it is so arranged that no adjustment is required with respect to the suspension. Therefore, the upper seat 3 and lower seat 4 are arranged to hold their supporting planes in parallel with each other.

[0093] According to the present embodiment as described above, in the unloaded state of the helical spring 5, the pitch of the lower end coil 5 a is set to tilt the lower end plane LS at the first predetermined angle α to the lower seat 4, clockwise in FIG. 1, and the pitch of the upper end coil 5 b is set to tilt the upper end plane US at the second predetermined angle β clockwise in FIG. 1. However, only either one of the pitch of the lower end coil 5 a and that of the upper end coil 5 b may be set. That is, in addition to the above-described embodiment, a second embodiment (not shown) may be formed, such that the helical spring 5 is formed to provide the end coil center line OF of the helical spring 5 to be offset to the coil axis CA, and only the pitch of the lower end coil 5 a is set to tilt the lower end plane LS at a predetermined angle to the lower seat 4 in the unloaded state of the helical spring 5. And, a third embodiment (not shown) may be formed, such that the helical spring 5 is formed to provide the end coil center line OF of the helical spring 5 to be offset to the coil axis CA, and only the pitch of the upper end coil 5 b is set to tilt the upper end plane US at a predetermined angle to the upper seat 3, in the unloaded state of the helical spring 5.

[0094] Next will be explained results of the experiments in the case where the helical spring with the end coil center line thereof offset to the coil axis in the direction along the y-axis is compressed to shorten the longitudinal length of either one side of the helical spring, i.e., the helical spring offset on the y-z plane is placed on the same position as the helical spring 5 x as shown in FIG. 9, and the upper end plane and lower end plane are rotated counterclockwise about the x-axis as viewed from the positive side of the x-axis toward the origin, by a degree and β degree, respectively.

[0095] In FIG. 3, solid lines indicate variation of the reaction force axis of the helical spring, in the case where the upper end plane and the lower end plane are rotated counterclockwise about the x-axis as viewed from the positive side of the x-axis toward the origin, by a degree and β degree, respectively, when the helical spring offset on the y-z plane is compressed to a predetermined height. Broken lines indicate variation of the reaction force axis of a conventional helical spring with its upper end coil and lower end coil formed to provide pig tails. When rotational angles which are-rotated about the x-axis in FIG. 9, i.e., tilting angles α and β, are increased counterclockwise, the reaction force axis will move as indicated by the arrows, which indicate the directions of increasing angles α and β. The reaction force axis lies on the line for connecting the points of application of the reaction forces acting on the upper end plane and lower end plane.

[0096] As shown in FIG. 3, the following results are obtained from the experiment. Namely, (1) By forming the helical spring with the end coil center line offset to the coil axis by the distance “d”, the reaction force axis of the spring is displaced parallel in the y-direction, i.e., in the direction opposite to the direction of the end coil center line offset to the coil axis. (2) With an increase of the tilting angles α and β of the upper and lower end planes counterclockwise in FIG. 9, the inclination of the reaction force axis of the spring in the y-direction increases. In other words, the side force applied to the helical spring increases, with an increase of the tilting angles α and β. (3) With an increase of the tilting angles α and β of the upper and lower end planes, the point of application of the reaction force on the upper end plane gets close to the center of the upper end plane, i.e., z-axis in FIG. 3, as indicated by the solid lines, whereas the conventional helical spring gets away from the center of the upper end plane as indicated by the broken lines.

[0097] On the contrary, in the case where the upper end plane and the lower end plane are rotated clockwise about the x-axis as viewed from the positive side of the x-axis toward the origin, when the spring offset on the y-z plane is compressed to a predetermined height, the inclination of the reaction force axis in the y-direction will be reduced, i.e., the side force to the helical spring will be reduced, with the tilting angles α and β increased clockwise.

[0098]FIG. 4 indicates a variation of the side force, in the case where the upper end plane and the lower end plane are rotated counterclockwise about the x-axis in FIG. 9 as viewed from the positive side of the x-axis toward the origin, by α degree and β degree, when the spring offset on the y-z plane is compressed to a predetermined height, and in the case where the degree α or β is increased. In FIG. 4, a solid line indicates the variation of the offset helical spring, and a broken line indicates the variation of the conventional helical spring. As clearly shown in FIG. 4, the side force is increased with an increase of the tilting angle α or β, and no significant difference can be seen between the solid line and the broken line.

[0099] Therefore, the helical spring 5 according to the present embodiment, the offset amount “d” as shown in FIG. 1 and tilting angles α and β (clockwise rotational angles as shown in FIG. 1) are set, and the pitches of the upper end coil 5 b and the lower end coil 5 a are set, such that the helical spring 5 is disposed between the upper seat 3 and the lower seat 4 as shown in FIG. 8, in the same condition that the upper end coil and lower end coil of the helical spring 5 x as shown in FIG. 9 are rotated counterclockwise about the x-axis as viewed from the positive side of the x-axis toward the origin in FIG. 9, by α degree and β degree, respectively, when the helical spring 5 x is compressed to a predetermined height. Consequently, when the helical spring 5 as shown in FIG. 1 is disposed between the upper seat 3 and the lower seat 4 arranged substantially in parallel with each other, it is arranged in the state as shown in FIG. 8, and the same effect can be obtained as the one obtained when the upper end coil and the lower end coil of the helical spring 5 x as shown in FIG. 9 are tilted counterclockwise as viewed from the positive side of the x-axis toward the origin in FIG. 9.

[0100] The helical spring 5 as constituted above is disposed between the upper seat 3 and the lower seat 4, which are arranged substantially in parallel with each other as shown by the broken lines in FIG. 1. In this case, the helical spring 5 is held such that the one side of the helical spring 5 with the end coil center line OF offset to the coil axis CA, i.e., the one side closer to the coil end center line OF than the coil axis CA (left side in FIG. 1), is to be positioned at the inside of the vehicle. Consequently, the reaction force axis is shifted from the axis indicated by thick line arrows to the axis indicated by thin line arrows (rightward in FIG. 1).

[0101] As shown in FIG. 1 which illustrates the helical spring 5 as viewed from the front of the vehicle, the helical spring 5 is disposed with its end coil center line OF offset to the coil axis CA widthwise of the vehicle, i.e., in the width direction of the vehicle. In this case, the side force is exerted on the helical spring 5 lengthwise of the vehicle, i.e., in the direction as viewed from the right side or left side of the vehicle. In view of this fact, the present embodiment is constituted as shown in FIG. 2, and will be described later.

[0102] Referring to FIGS. 5-7, the relationship between the y-z plane in FIG. 1 (the plane including the end coil center line OF and the coil axis CA, and extending widthwise of the vehicle) and the x-z plane in FIG. 2 perpendicular to the y-z plane in FIG. 1 will be explained hereinafter.

[0103]FIG. 5 shows a variation of the reaction force axis when the predetermined angles δ and γ are varied, in the case where the helical spring 5 constituted as shown in FIG. 1 (projected on the y-z plane) is formed to provide a total number of coils of 4.8 coils (turns) for example, and projected on the x-z plane, and where the pitch of the lower end coil 5 a is set so that the lower end plane LS is tilted to the lower seat 4 by the predetermined angle γ, and the pitch of the upper end coil 5 b is set so that the upper end plane US is tilted to the upper seat 3 by the predetermined angle δ.

[0104] In other words, the helical spring 5 having 4.8 coils as shown in FIG. 5 is formed to provide the end coil center line OF offset to the coil axis CA by the distance “d” on the y-z plane as shown in FIG. 1. At the same time, as shown in FIG. 1, the pitch of the lower end coil 5 a is set to tilt the lower end plane LS at the first predetermined angle α to the lower seat 4 in the direction for shortening the longitudinal length of one side of the helical spring 5 with the end coil center line OF offset to the coil axis CA, i.e., the longitudinal length of one side of the helical spring 5 closer to the end coil center line OF than the coil axis CA, in the unloaded state of the helical spring 5. Also, as shown in FIG. 1, the pitch of the upper end coil 5 b is set to tilt the upper end plane US to the upper seat 3 at the second predetermined angle β in the direction for shortening the longitudinal length of the other side of the spring opposite to the one side of the spring with the end coil center line OF offset to the coil axis CA, i.e., the longitudinal length of the other side of the helical spring closer to the coil axis CA than the end coil center line OF, in the unloaded state of the helical spring 5. As shown in FIG. 5, the helical spring 5 with 4.8 coils set as described above is projected on the x-z plane (extending lengthwise of the vehicle), which is perpendicular to the y-z plane (extending widthwise of the vehicle), and the pitch of the lower end coil 5 a is set so that the lower end plane LS is tilted to the lower seat 4 by the predetermined angle γ, and also the pitch of the upper end coil 5 b is set so that the upper end plane US is tilted to the upper seat 3 by the predetermined angle δ. The variation of the reaction force axis is indicated by solid line arrows, broken line arrows and one-dot chain line arrows as shown in FIG. 5.

[0105] With respect to the helical spring 5 having 4.8 coils as constituted in FIG. 1 (projected on the y-z plane), if the lower end plane LS is tilted to the lower seat 4 by the predetermined angle γ, and the upper end plane US is tilted to the upper seat 3 by the predetermined angle δ as shown in FIG. 5, the reaction force axis will be shifted according to the order of the one-dot chain line arrows, broken line arrows and solid line arrows, with the predetermined angles γ and δ increased, respectively, and the reaction force axis indicated by the solid line arrows will be almost zero.

[0106] In this case, however, the reaction force axis is slightly offset to the end coil center line (z-axis in FIG. 5). In order to have the reaction force axis with the slightly offset amount coincide with the end coil center line, the end coil center line may be made offset to the coil axis (z-axis in FIG. 6) of the body portion of the helical spring 5 by a predetermined distance “e” on the x-z plane as shown in FIG. 6. Therefore, if the lower end plane LS and upper end plane US are tilted to the lower seat 4 and upper seat 3, respectively, and the end coil center line is made offset to the coil axis, on the x-z plane as shown in FIGS. 5 and 6, the variation will be negligible, as is apparent from FIG. 7, which shows the variation of the reaction force axis on the y-z plane (extending widthwise of the vehicle) as shown in FIG. 1.

[0107] As described above, the structure projected on the x-z plane (extending lengthwise of the vehicle) is shown in FIG. 2. It is preferable that the side force is set to be zero on the x-z plane (extending lengthwise of the vehicle as shown in FIG. 2). In contrast, the predetermined side force is produced on the y-z plane (widthwise of the vehicle), and that the reaction force axis lies on the centers of the coil end planes, as shown in FIG. 1. On the x-z plane, therefore, the pitch of the lower end coil 5 a is set so that the lower end plane LS is tilted to the lower seat 4 by the predetermined angle γ, and the pitch of the upper end coil 5 b is set so that the upper end plane US is tilted to the upper seat 3 by the predetermined angle δ, in the direction for reducing the side force which may be caused either rightward or leftward of the vehicle in FIG. 2, depending upon the mounted state of the spring or the like. Furthermore, according to the present embodiment, in the unloaded state of the helical spring 5, the end coil center line, which coincides with the z-axis in FIG. 2, is offset to the coil axis CA by the predetermined distance “e” on the x-z plane.

[0108] As described above, according to the embodiment as shown in FIG. 2, the pitch of the lower end coil 5 a is set to tilt the lower end plane LS at the third predetermined angle γ to the lower seat 4, and the pith of the upper end coil 5 b is set to tilt the upper end plane US at the fourth predetermined angle δ to the upper seat 3. However, it may be so arranged that only either one of the pitch of the lower end coil 5 a and that of the upper end coil 5 b is adjusted. Furthermore, the end coil center line which coincides with the z-axis is offset to the coil axis CA by the predetermined distance “e”, according to the embodiment as shown in FIG. 2. However, this offset may be omitted.

[0109] It should be apparent to one skilled in the art that the above-described embodiment is merely illustrative of but one of the many possible specific embodiments of the present invention. Numerous and various other arrangements can be readily devised by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined in the following claims. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A helical compression spring for a vehicle suspension to be compressed between an upper seat and a lower seat, said spring being formed to provide an end coil center line connecting the centers of an upper end coil and a lower end coil of said spring to be offset to a coil axis of a body portion of said spring, wherein a pitch of said lower end coil is set to tilt a lower end plane of said spring seated on said lower seat at a first predetermined angle to said lower seat in a direction for shortening the longitudinal length of one side of said spring closer to said end coil center line than said coil axis, in an unloaded state of said spring, and/or a pitch of said upper end coil is set to tilt an upper end plane of said spring seated on said upper seat at a second predetermined angle in a direction for shortening the longitudinal length of the other side of said spring closer to said coil axis than said end coil center line, in the unloaded state of said spring, and wherein the pitch of said lower end coil is set to tilt the lower end plane of said spring at a third predetermined angle to said lower seat on a plane including said end coil center line perpendicular to a plane including said end coil center line and said coil axis, in the unloaded state of said spring, and/or the pitch of said upper end coil is set to tilt the upper end plane of said spring at a fourth predetermined angle to said upper seat on the plane including said end coil center line perpendicular to the plane including said end coil center line and said coil axis, in the unloaded state of said spring.
 2. The helical compression spring of claim 1, wherein said spring is formed to provide said end coil center line connecting the centers of said upper end coil and said lower end coil to be offset to said coil axis in a predetermined direction on the plane including said end coil center line perpendicular to the plane including said end coil center line and said coil axis.
 3. A strut type vehicle suspension comprising a strut mounted at the upper end thereof on a vehicle body for supporting a wheel, a lower seat fixed to said strut, an upper seat mounted on said vehicle body, and a helical compression spring mounted between said lower seat and said upper seat, with said strut enclosed in said spring, wherein said spring is formed to provide an end coil center line connecting the centers of an upper end coil and a lower end coil of said spring to be offset to a coil axis of a body portion of said spring, wherein said lower seat is fixed to said strut to tilt said lower seat at a first predetermined angle in a direction for shortening the longitudinal length of one side of said spring closer to said coil axis than said end coil center line, and/or said upper seat is mounted on said vehicle body to tilt said upper seat at a second predetermined angle in a direction for shortening the longitudinal length of the other side of said spring closer to said end coil center line than said coil axis, wherein said lower seat is fixed to said strut to tilt said lower seat at a third predetermined angle on a plane including said end coil center line perpendicular to a plane including said end coil center line and said coil axis, and/or said upper seat is mounted on said vehicle body to tilt said upper seat at a fourth predetermined angle on the plane including said end coil center line perpendicular to the plane including said end coil center line and said coil axis, and wherein said spring is held in such a state that the other side of said spring closer to said end coil center line than said coil axis is positioned at the inside of said vehicle body.
 4. The strut type vehicle suspension of claim 3, wherein said spring is formed to provide said end coil center line connecting the centers of said upper end coil and said lower end coil to be offset to said coil axis in a predetermined direction on the plane including said end coil center line perpendicular to the plane including said end coil center line and said coil axis. 